Build 4×4×4 Led Cube using Arduino Nano

The 4x4x4 LED cube is a three-dimensional volumetric display controlled by an Arduino Nano mounted on a Zero PCB board. The display matrix consists of 64 individual 5mm blue LEDs arranged systematically into four horizontal layers of 16 LEDs each. Instead of requiring 64 independent output pins from the microcontroller, the circuit utilizes multiplexing and matrix scanning techniques. The anodes of the LEDs are connected in a vertical column-and-row grid per layer, while the cathodes are tied together per horizontal layer. By rapidly switching power to individual layers via their cathode connections while simultaneously pulsing data to the specific column anodes, persistence of vision tricks the human eye into perceiving a solid, volumetric 3D image. The Arduino Nano executes custom animation patterns programmed through the Arduino IDE and designed using the Cube3D Application. Current-limiting 100Ω resistors are integrated into the circuit to protect the LEDs from overcurrent conditions. During assembly, components are interconnected using copper wire and female headers, allowing the Arduino Nano to be easily attached or removed from the main zero PCB board. Prior to soldering, individual LEDs are tested using a 3V battery to ensure functionality.