Build a Smart Traffic Management System Using IoT

The Smart Traffic Management System operates by using an ESP32 microcontroller to monitor vehicle density across four separate intersection lanes in real time. Each lane is equipped with an individual IR sensor that detects the presence of vehicles by emitting infrared light and measuring the reflection from nearby objects. These four IR sensors interface directly with the digital input pins of the ESP32 DevKit v1, sending high or low logic states depending on whether traffic is present. The system also features a complete set of 12 LEDs—three per lane, consisting of Red, Yellow, and Green indicators—each protected by a dedicated 220-ohm current-limiting resistor wired on a common breadboard. Using the Arduino IDE, custom control logic is programmed onto the ESP32 to evaluate the sensor readings simultaneously. When an IR sensor registers a high density of vehicles in a specific lane, the microcontroller dynamically adjusts the signal timing, extending the Green LED phase for that congested lane while keeping the other three lanes at Red. During transitions, the Yellow LEDs are triggered sequentially to warn motorists of an impending state change. Because the ESP32 includes built-in Wi-Fi capabilities accessed through a standard web browser, the system can potentially broadcast live traffic density metrics and intersection status updates over a local network. Power is supplied safely to the entire breadboard circuit via a standard USB cable connected to the development board, ensuring consistent voltage levels across the sensors and LED arrays.