Digital Thermometer using Arduino and LM35 Temperature Sensor

This digital thermometer system centers around an Arduino Uno microcontroller that reads, processes, and displays environmental temperature data in real time. The core sensing element is the LM35 temperature sensor, an analog integrated circuit that outputs a precise DC voltage linearly proportional to the Celsius temperature. When connected to the circuit's 9V power supply and breadboard wiring, the LM35 continuously measures ambient heat and sends its variable analog voltage signal into one of the Arduino Uno's analog input pins. Inside the microcontroller, an internal Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) translates this raw analog voltage into a digital integer value. Using a customized software sketch compiled via the Arduino IDE, the microcontroller mathematically converts this digital value back into standard temperature units (degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit). Once calculated, the Arduino formats the numeric temperature data and sends output signals to a 16x2 LCD display. Driven by the built-in LiquidCrystal library, the screen refreshes dynamically, presenting the live temperature readings clearly to the user across its two text rows.