How to use Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) with STM32F10C8 Board

This project integrates an STM32F103C8 microcontroller (commonly known as the Blue Pill) with an MCP4725 Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) IC to process and generate signals for a smart pill dispenser system. The circuit centers around a 10k potentiometer connected to an analog input on the STM32 board. As the potentiometer's wiper position changes, it varies the input voltage, which the microcontroller reads via its internal Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC). The STM32 processes this numerical value and communicates with the MCP4725 DAC module using the I2C protocol. The MCP4725 then converts this digital data back into a precise analog output voltage. Simultaneously, the system updates a 16x2 LCD display using the LiquidCrystal library to show both the input voltage read by the ADC and the resulting output generated by the DAC. By leveraging the Wire and SoftWire libraries within the Arduino IDE, the STM32 manages both the I2C peripheral communication and the parallel interface required by the LCD. This setup allows undergraduates to observe how digital systems bridge the gap between physical user inputs—such as adjusting a dosage control knob—and analog actuation, which is essential for regulating mechanical components like dispenser motors or providing variable reference voltages in biomedical assistive devices.