Line Follower Robot Using PID Algorithm

The Line Follower Robot Using PID Algorithm operates by using an array of 8 IR transmitting LEDs and 8 IR receiving LEDs to detect a track against a contrasting surface. As the robot moves, the infrared receivers capture reflected light, sending analog signals to the LM324 operational amplifiers (IC5 and IC6), which condition the sensor data. This information is processed by the ATmega16 microcontroller (IC2). The ATmega16 runs a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) algorithm, calculated using inputs from the sensor array and user configurations via push buttons, to compute precise steering and speed corrections. The microcontroller then sends control signals to the L293D motor driver (IC4), which manages the two 6V battery-operated motors with wheels to keep the robot centered on the line. Power management is handled by a battery supply feeding into a 7805 5V voltage regulator (IC1) and a 7806 6V voltage regulator (IC3) to ensure stable operation for the logic and motor circuits, with 1N4007 diodes (D1-D4) providing back-EMF protection. Visual feedback is provided by a 10-segment bar LED array (BAR1) displaying sensor status, alongside three standalone LEDs (LED1-LED3) for system indicators. Additionally, an OLED display provides real-time information regarding the robot's operational parameters and PID configuration states, all programmed via an AVR C compiler environment.